【导读】：注册资本2000万的某投资公司，实缴出资400万。新《公司法》股份认缴制出台后，增资到10个亿。在签订近8000万元的合同后，面对到期债务突然减资到400万元，并更换了股东。债权人在首笔2000万元无法收取后，将该公司连同新、老股东一同告上法庭，要求投资公司与新老股东均承担债务的连带责任。2015年5月25日下午，普陀法院就该起认缴出资引发的纠纷作出了一审判决。
裁判要旨
认缴制下公司股东的出资义务只是暂缓缴纳，而不是永久免除，在公司经营发生了重大变化时，公司包括债权人可以要求公司股东缴纳出资，甚至是提前缴纳以用于清偿公司债务。
案情回顾
上海某投资公司成立于2013年11月，注册资本2000万，实缴金额400万。其中公司发起人徐某认缴出资额为1400万实缴出资额为280万，毛某认缴出资额为600万实缴出资额为120万。两人的认缴出资期限均为两年。
到了2014年4月，毛某将公司股权转让给林某，投资公司也通过股东会决议，决定成立新一届股东会，新老股东徐某与林某将公司资本由2000万增资到10亿元，但是实缴金额依然是400万元。公司新章程约定，两名股东要在2024年12月31日之前缴纳出资。
2014年5月，投资公司与一家国际贸易公司签订了一份有关目标公司“某贸易公司”的股权转让协议。国际贸易公司将其持有的“某贸易公司”99.5%股权转让给投资公司，转让款近8000万元要在合同签订后的30日内付清。合同签订后，双方完成了股权转让，目标公司“某贸易公司”也完成股权转让工商变更登记，投资公司享有“某贸易公司”99.5%股权。
到2014年7月1日，因为付款问题，国际贸易公司与投资公司签订了股权转让的补充协议，约定投资公司要在2014年8月30日前付款2000万，2014年11月30日前付款2000万，2014年12月31日前付款2000万，2015年1月31日前支付剩余的1960万。可是就在2014年7月底，投资公司突然作出一系列的股东会决议。首先决定公司注册资本金由10亿元减至400万元，同时老股东徐某也退出公司，由新股东接某接手相关股份，同时修改了公司章程。
2014年9月，投资公司正式向工商登记机关申请注册资本金额由10亿元减至400万元。在提交给工商登记机关的“有关债务清偿及担保情况说明”这一材料中，投资公司的表述为“公司对外债务为0万元。至2014年9月22日，公司已向要求清偿债务或者提供担保的债权人清偿了全部债务或提供了相应的担保。未清偿的债务，由公司继续负责清偿，并由接某和林某在法律规定的范围内提供相应的担保”。2014年10月，工商登记机关准予投资公司注册资本金额由10亿元减资至400万元的变更登记，并核准了公司章程。
可是投资公司从来没有按照股权转让协议和补充协议的内容向国际贸易公司支付过一分钱。但是国际贸易公司却得知了投资公司减资的消息，遂即将投资公司连同四位新、老股东全部告上法庭，要求被投资公司支付股权转让款首期款人民币2000万元；要求公司股东接某、林某在各自未出资本息范围内，就投资公司不能清偿的部分承担补充赔偿责任，徐某、毛某要承担连带责任；要求接某、林某在减资本息范围内，就投资公司对不能清偿的部分承担补充赔偿责任，徐某、毛某在各自未出资范围内与接某、林某承担连带责任。
在法庭上，前股东徐某、毛某认为两人都按照公司认缴出资的章程完成了出资，公司减资时已经不是公司股东，减资的行为与自己无关。同时毛某认为，在和国际贸易公司签订目标公司股权转让协议之前已经不是公司股东，更谈不上为协议承担责任。而现任股东接某和林某认为，公司减资不是为了逃避债务，而是出于公司的实际经营需要，没有如实申报债权是工作疏忽，减资并未造成公司资产实际流失，股东不应承担责任。
法庭审理
法官在审理该案后认为，被告投资公司作为目标公司股权的购买方，没有按照合同约定支付股权价款构成了违约，应该以其全部财产对原告承担责任。投资公司及其股东在明知公司对外负有债务的情况下，没有按照法定的条件和程序进行减资，该减资行为无效，投资公司的注册资本应该恢复到减资以前的状态，即公司注册资本仍然为10亿元，公司股东为徐某和林某。在公司负有到期债务、公司财产不能清偿债务的情况下，股东徐某和林某应该缴纳承担责任之后尚欠的债务；如果公司完全不能清偿债务，则徐某和林某应该缴纳相当于全部股权转让款的注册资本，以清偿原告债务。
同时，被告投资公司未履行法定程序和条件减少公司注册资本，类似于抽逃出资行为，公司债权人也可以要求徐某和林某对于公司不能清偿的部分承担补充赔偿责任。毛某在本案系争股权转让协议签订之前已经退出公司，不应该对其退出之后公司的行为承担责任。由于减资行为被认定无效之后，应该恢复到减资行为以前的状态，因此被告接某不应认定为该公司的股东，接某可以不承担投资公司对原告所承担的责任。
2015年5月25日下午，普陀区法院就案件作出一审判决。某投资公司应该在本判决生效之日起十日内向国际贸易公司支付股权转让款2000万元；对投资公司不能清偿的股权转让款，徐某和林某在未出资的本息范围内履行出资义务，承担补充清偿责任。
法官说法
在判决中法官指出，认缴制下公司股东的出资义务只是暂缓缴纳，而不是永久免除，在公司经营发生了重大变化时，公司包括债权人可以要求公司股东缴纳出资，以用于清偿公司债务。在注册资本认缴制下，公司股东在登记时承诺会在一定时间内缴纳注册资本（像在本案中被告公司的股东就是承诺在10年时间内缴纳），公司股东这样的承诺，可以认为是其对社会公众包括债权人所作的一种承诺。
股东作出的承诺，对股东会产生一定的约束作用，同时对于相对人（例如债权人）来说，也会产生一定的预期。但是，任何承诺、预期都是在一定条件下作出的，这样的条件有可能会产生重大变化。在条件发生重大变化、足以改变相对人(债权人)预期的时候，如果再僵化地坚持股东一直到认缴期限届满时才有出资义务，只会让资本认缴制成为个别股东逃避法律责任的借口。就本案来说，被告公司在经营中发生了重大变化，公司对外出现了债务总额就达到了近8,000万元，这样一笔债务是依法已经到期的债务近20倍。投资公司的股东缴纳出资以承担本案中的责任，符合平衡保护债权人和公司股东利益这样的立法目的。
《公司法》中的有限责任制度，原则上要求公司股东只以出资额为限，对公司债务承担有限责任，这样的原则是为了更好地保护公司股东的利益，让股东可以安全地投入到生产经营中去。但是公司有限责任制度，不应该成为股东逃避责任的保护伞。
经过长期的司法实践和立法，法律规定在一定情形下可以“刺破法人的面纱”，否定公司法人人格，让公司股东个人承担责任。如果完全固守于认缴制的股东一直要等到承诺的期限届满才有缴纳出资的义务，则可能会让股东悠然自得地待在公司有限责任这一保护伞下，看着债权人急切而又无可奈何的样子暗自窃喜。
当然，作为债权人来说，可以在法院判决公司承担债务之后，以公司无力清偿债务为由，要求公司进行破产清算。可是，在公司破产清算的过程中同样会面临着股东缴纳出资的期限问题。在一年、二年甚至更长的认缴时间内(本案中的认缴期限为10年)，公司的股东有充分的时间来转移公司财产，制造各种难题来对抗债权人、规避债务。这种只让股东享受认缴制的利益(主要是延期缴纳出资的期限利益)，而不承担相应风险和责任的结局，绝对不是《公司法》修订时设立资本认缴制的目的。在公司负有巨额到期债务的情况下，公司股东采取认缴制的时间利益就失去了基础。两相比较，在审理中由法院判决股东缴纳出资以清偿债务，要比判决中不判决股东缴纳出资，转而在破产程序中缴纳出资，更加能够保护债权人的利益和市场正常经济秩序。
责任财产制度也要求资本认缴制的公司股东在公司出现重大债务时缴纳立即出资，以用于对外承担责任
责任财产制度是民事责任中的一项重要制度，它是指任何民事主体应该以其全部财产对外承担债务。对于自然人来说，是以其个人全部财产承担全部债务，对于法人来说，是以法人的全部财产承担全部债务。责任财产制度是维持交易安全的重要保障，正因为有了责任财产制度，民事主体才可以比较放心地进行商事交易，因为他可以有合理的期待，一旦对方不履行合同或者侵犯自己权益，对方将会以其全部财产承担法律责任。
我国《公司法》有关公司责任财产制度的规定在第三条的第一款规定，“公司以其全部财产对公司的债务承担责任”。这一条款在《公司法》修订前后是完全一样的，并没有任何改变。需要我们思考的是，在公司法进行修订、采取资本认缴制之后，应该如何来看待《公司法》的第三条第一款？在公司成立采取实缴制的情况下，这一条款的理解，应该是没有什么分歧的。通俗地说，公司当下拥有多少财产(这样的财产包括公司股东的投入财产及公司经营增值的财产)，就以多少财产承担责任。
在公司成立采取认缴制的情况下，这一条款可能会有两种理解。一种理解是，以公司当下拥有的资产承担责任——也就是说以公司股东实际已经投入的资本及公司经营增值的财产——承担责任。
按照这一种理解，在当下就不能追究被告公司股东的个人责任。另外一种理解是，不仅仅要求公司以现在实际拥有的全部财产承担责任，在公司现有财产不足以清偿债务，而公司股东承诺在将来认缴出资的情况下，应该要求公司股东提前出资，以清偿公司债务。两相比较，后面一种理解更加符合市场中商事主体的合理期待，也更加符合保护债权人利益的需要。
对“公司财产”的理解，也不能仅仅限于公司现有的财产。
一般情况下，公司对外享有的债权也是公司的财产或者财产利益。在公司破产过程中，公司债权同样是作为公司财产的组成部分，在执行过程中，被执行人对他人享有的债权，也可以成为执行标的。对于实行认缴制的公司来说，股东个人尚未缴纳的注册资本，与一般的债务并无区别，同样可以看作是公司股东对公司所负的债务。从最高人民法院有关《公司法》的司法解释来看，也可以得出公司债权人可以要求公司股东履行出资义务的结论。
现行《公司法》及司法解释中对于公司违背法定程序和条件减资未通知已知债权人的，具体应该如何承担责任，没有作出明确规定。但是，这并不妨碍法院根据案件的具体情形参照适用相关的法律及司法解释。具体到本案，公司减资未通知已经债权人与《公司法》司法解释所规定的抽逃出资行为，最为类似。最高人民法院关于《公司法》司法解释中界定的抽逃出资行为包括了“其他未经法定程序将出资抽回的行为”。公司没有按照公司法规定的条件和程序，从某种意义上说就是“未经法定程序将出资抽回的行为”，因为两者都是影响了公司对外偿债的能力，对债权人的债权带来了不能清偿的风险，同时，都是让公司及股东从各自行为中获取了利益。本案最终的认定法理上与现有规定的一致的。
作者: 上海市普陀区法院 孙超
来源: 知产库
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